1. History of Fingerprinting
- In 14th century Persia, various official government papers had fingerprints (impressions), and one government official, a doctor, observed that no two fingerprints were exactly alike.
- 1686
In 1686, Marcello Malpighi, a professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna, noted in his treatise; ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints.
- 1863
Professor Paul-Jean Coulier, of Val-de-Grâce in Paris, publishes his observations that (latent) fingerprints can be developed on paper by iodine fuming and explains how to preserve (fix) such developed impressions and mentions the potential for identifying suspects' fingerprints by use of a magnifying glass.
csifingerprints.yolasite.com
- 1880
During the 1870s, Dr. Henry Faulds, the British Surgeon-Superintendent of Tsukiji Hospital in Tokyo, Japan, studied "skin-furrows" after noticing finger marks on specimens of "prehistoric" pottery. He recognized the importance of fingerprints as a to identify and devised a method of classification as well.
Also in 1880, Dr. Henry Faulds published an article in the Scientific Journal, "Nature.” He discussed fingerprints as a means of personal identification, and the use of printers ink as a method for obtaining such fingerprints. He is also given credit for first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol bottle.
- 1892
Juan Vucetich made the first criminal fingerprint identification in 1892. He was able to identify Francis Rojas, a woman who murdered her two sons and cut her own throat in an attempt to place blame on another. Her bloody print was left on a door post, proving her identity as the murderer.
Francis Rojas' Inked Fingerprints
- 1902
The first systematic use of fingerprints in the U.S. by the New York Civil Service Commission for testing. Dr. Henry P. DeForrest pioneers U.S. fingerprinting.
- 1905
U.S. Army begins using fingerprints.
http://pulse2.com/category/united-states-air-force/
- 1907
U.S. Navy begins using fingerprints.
http://www.cagenweb.com/plumas/military.htm
- 1908
U.S. Marine Corps begins using fingerprints.
- 1946
By 1946, the FBI had processed 100 million fingerprint cards in manually maintained files; and by 1971, 200 million cards.
- 2011
The largest Automated Fingerprint Identification System repository in America is operated by the Department of Homeland Security's US Visit Program, containing over 100 million persons' fingerprints.
2. Types of Fingerprints
Direct:
Direct prints, also called exemplar prints, are known prints. They are already collected prints from a person who was enrolling in a system or was under arrest at one point. When an arrest takes place there usually are a set of direct prints with one print from each finger. These are taken using a live scan or ink on a paper card.
Latent:
The word latent actually means hidden or invisible but in modern forensic science it is any accidental print left by the criminal whether it is invisible or not. Electronic, chemical and physical techniques can be used to make these prints visible. Latent prints may also be only part of the whole print, smudged, distorted or overlapped by other prints from the same or from different people.
Plastic:
Plastic fingerprints are prints that are left on a substance that retains the shape and ridges of the print. Some examples are wet clay (which would be a perfect specimen of a plastic print) or melted candle wax. These are very convenient when found by investigators because they need no further enhancement.
3. Techniques and Chemicals used to Develop Prints on Nonabsorbent, Porous, Hard and Smooth Surfaces
Porous Surfaces
• D.F.O.
• 1,2 Idanedione
• Ninhydrin
• Iodine Fuming
• 5-MTN
• Physical Developer
• Zinc Chloride
Non-Porous Surfaces
• Cyanoacrylate Ester
• Gentian Violet
• Small Particle Reagent
Glossy Paper
• Cyanoacrylate Ester
• Small Particle Reagent
• M.B.D Dye
• Basic Yellow 40
Metal
• Cyanoacrylate Ester
• M.B.D. Dye
• Basic Yellow 40
• Small Particle Reagent
Plastic
• Cyanoacrylate Ester
• M.B.D. Dye
• Basic Yellow 40
• Small Particle Reagent
Glass
• Cyanoacrylate Ester
• M.B.D. Dye
• Basic Yellow 40
• Small Particle Reagent
Unfinished Wood
• Iodine Fuming
• 1,2 Idanedione
• 5-MTN
• Physical Developer
• D.F.O.
• Ninhydrin
• Silver Nitrate
Wet Surfaces
• Physical Developer
• Small Particle Reagent
• Sudan Black
Adhesive Tape
• Gentian Violet
• Liqui-Drox
• Liqui-Nox
• Sticky-Side Powder
Post-Ninhydrin
• Nickel Nitrate
• Physical Developer
• Silver Nitrate
• Small Particle Reagent
• Zinc Chloride
Multi-Colored Surfaces
(Fluorescent Techniques)
• R.A.Y.
• Ardrox
• M.B.D. Dye
• Basic Yellow 40
• M.R.M. 10
• Liqui-Drox
• Rhodamine 6G
• D.F.O.
• Safranin O
• Nile Red
• 1,2 Idanedione
• Thenoyl Europium Chelate
• R.A.M.
Ultra-Violet Induced
• Ardrox
• Liqui-Drox
• Ultra-Violet Lamp
• Silver Nitrate
• Thenoyl Europium Chelate
• Basic Yellow 40
Post-Cyanoacrylate
• Ardrox
• Basic Yellow 40
• M.B.D. Dye
• Nile Red
• Rhodamine 6G
• Sudan Black
• Basic Red 28
• Liqui-Drox
• M.R.M. 10
• R.A.M.
• R.A.Y.
• Thenoyl Europium Chelate
Cartridge Cases
• Basic Yellow 40
• Cyanoacrylate Ester
Blood
• A.B.T.S.
• Amido Black – Water
• Crowle’s Double Stain
• Leucocrystal Violet
• Coomassie Blue
• Amido Black – Methanol
• D.A.B.
Non Destructive Techniques
• Iodine Fuming
• Electrostatic Lifting
• Visual Examination
• Fluorescent Light
• Ultra-Violet Lamp
4. Basic Shapes/Patterns of Fingerprints
There are three general shapes to fingerprints: loop, whorl and arch. All three of these categories of fingerprint have different kinds in them as well. These are the names of all the different patterns of Fingerprints:
Arch (found in about 5% of fingerprint patterns encountered):
Plain Arch:
Tented Arch:
Loop (found in about 60%-70% of fingerprint patterns countered):
Ulnar Loop:
Radial Loop:
Whorl (found in about 25%-30% of fingerprint patterns encountered):
Plain Whorl:
Central Pocket Whorl:
Double Loop Whorl:
Accidental Whorl:
5. Procedure for Collecting/lifting Prints:
On a light surface one can use powered graphite to collect a fingerprint and on a darker surface one can use baking soda to lift a fingerprint.
1. Identify the finger print
2. Obtain a small paint brush
3. Crush the graphite and obtain the baking soda
4. Sprinkle the graphite on the light surface and the baking soda onto a dark surface with the identified fingerprint until it covers the whole print
5. Obtain an adhesive strip (tape) and put it over the print and be sure to cover the whole mark
6. Remove the strip and tape it down onto a white piece of paper if graphite was used and a black piece of paper if baking soda was used
7. Store the print in a safe place for further investigation
Your information is very detailed but concise, but I think that you should add a few more pictures to some of your sections.
ReplyDeleteYou gave so much information that it seems like a lot but the way you formatted everything it is easy to read, good job on the whole blog, it AWESOME! :)
ReplyDeleteNice use of pictures.
ReplyDeleteThank you! I was trying to add pictures to the Techniques to Develop Prints section but I ran into the problem of the placement of the pictures on the post interfering with the information.
ReplyDelete